Jahn-Teller effect, Absorption spectra of the complexes, selection rules for electronic spectra, Absorption Spectra of the [Ti(H₂O)₆]³+ and [Cu(H₂O)₆]²+ .

Jahn-Teller EffectJahn-Teller Effect is based on Jahn-Teller theorem, which states that, "Any non-linear molecular system possessing degenerate electronic state will be unstable and will undergo distortion to form a

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Instrumentation of colorimetry and spectrophotometry, single beam and double beam photoelectric colorimeters, single beam and double beam spectrophotometer, application of colorimetry and spectrophotometry, Estimation of copper as copper-ammonia complex, and distinct between colorimeter and spectrophotometer.

InstrumentationBeer's - Lambert's law is the fundamental law governing the absorbance of monochromatic radiation by homogeneous transparent systems. On the basis of these laws the technique employed for measurements

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Ion exchange chromatography, Types of ion-exchange resins, determination of ion exchange capacity, factors affecting ion-exchange equilibrium and ion exchange applications.

Ion exchange may be defined as " a reversible exchange of like ions between solid phase and liquid phase in which there is no permanent change in structure ".

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